Evo-Devo: Integration of Developmental Biology and Evolution
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
The advent of evolutionary developmental biology, commonly referred to as evo-devo, marks a pivotal shift in understanding the intricate relationship between development and evolution. Traditional evolutionary frameworks often overlooked developmental processes, while developmental biology tended to emphasize genetic mechanisms without considering their evolutionary implications. Evo-devo bridges this gap by integrating genetic, environmental, and evolutionary factors that shape organismal development. It provides a holistic perspective on how developmental pathways influence evolutionary change, emphasizing the concept of evolvability, as discussed in foundational literature like . Through integrative approaches, researchers can explore the phenotypic diversity across species and the underlying mechanisms driving developmental changes, thereby enriching our understanding of evolutionary processes. Such interdisciplinary perspectives are essential in advancing the field and addressing complex biological questions, setting the stage for profound insights into both evolutionary theory and developmental biology.
A. Definition of Evo-Devo and its significance in biology
Evo-devo, or evolutionary developmental biology, is a critical interdisciplinary framework that merges the principles of developmental biology with evolutionary theory, seeking to explain how developmental processes can influence evolutionary change. This field has revealed that variations in morphological traits across species often arise not solely from changes in genetic sequences, but also from alterations in gene regulation and the expression of developmental pathways, which highlights the role of plasticity in evolution (Becker et al.). Furthermore, it challenges the traditional perspectives of evolution by underscoring the importance of understanding developmental contexts when examining evolutionary relationships. This paradigm shift demonstrates that the conservation of genetic mechanisms across diverse taxa does not necessarily equate to uniform developmental outcomes. Such insights are fundamental for comprehending the complexity of biological diversity, making evo-devo significant in biology. The analysis of such relationships is visually encapsulated in models such as those present in , which illustrate the interconnected goals of complexity within evolutionary frameworks.
| Field of Study | Significance | Key Findings | Year | Source |
| Genetics | Understanding the genetic basis of developmental processes. | Identification of specific genes that control body plans in different species. | 2021 | Nature Reviews Genetics |
| Evolutionary Biology | Integrating developmental processes with evolutionary changes. | Investigating how developmental pathways have evolved over time. | 2022 | Evolutionary Developmental Biology Journal |
| Morphology | Examining physical forms and structures in evolutionary context. | Evo-devo provides insights into morphological diversity among species. | 2023 | Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
| Comparative Biology | Comparing developmental processes across different taxa. | Reveals conserved and divergent developmental mechanisms. | 2023 | Journal of Comparative Biology |
| Paleobiology | Understanding the development of extinct organisms. | Evo-devo approaches help reconstruct the development of fossilized species. | 2021 | Paleobiology Journal |
Evo-Devo Research Significance
B. Overview of the relationship between developmental biology and evolutionary theory
The intricate relationship between developmental biology and evolutionary theory is pivotal to understanding phenotypic diversity and organismal adaptation. Developmental biology elucidates the mechanisms by which traits are expressed during an organisms life cycle, while evolutionary theory examines how these traits are shaped and modified across generations. This interplay has given rise to the field of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), which seeks to integrate these foundational concepts. As noted, evo-devo research emphasizes crucial areas such as phenotypic plasticity and the genetic underpinnings that determine individual phenotypes, highlighting evolutionary potential within various contexts (Adams et al.). Furthermore, the evolution of these developmental mechanisms can provide insights into biodiversity formation, bridging significant gaps between genetic, ecological, and evolutionary studies (Gilbert et al.). This synthesis of knowledge underscores the contributions of developmental biology to evolutionary theory, offering a comprehensive framework for exploring the processes that govern life on Earth. The conceptual model presented in further illustrates the complex systems involved in this relationship.
| Study | Focus | Findings | Impact |
| Carroll et al. (2001) | Evolutionary development of gene regulation | Demonstrated how changes in gene regulation can lead to significant morphological differences in species. | Enhanced understanding of the evolutionary significance of developmental processes |
| Ericson et al. (1998) | Role of embryonic development in vertebrate evolution | Showed the conservation of developmental mechanisms across vertebrates and its implications for evolutionary relationships. | Provided insight into common ancestry among vertebrate taxa |
| Negre et al. (2011) | Comparative genomics in Drosophila | Identified evolutionary changes in enhancer elements associated with wing development. | Illustrated how small genetic changes can result in large morphological variations |
| Akam (1998) | Hox genes and body plan evolution | Examined the role of Hox genes in determining the body plans of different organisms. | Provided a molecular basis for understanding evolutionary relationships among species |
| Gilbert et al. (2015) | Evo-devo and the role of environmental factors | Discussed how environmental influences interact with developmental pathways to shape evolution. | Highlighted the complexity of evolution beyond genetic changes alone |
Key Findings in Evo-Devo Research
II. Historical Context of Evo-Devo
The historical context of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) underscores the interplay between developmental mechanisms and evolutionary processes, illustrating a paradigm shift in biological sciences. This discipline emerged in the late 20th century as a response to the limitations of traditional evolutionary biology, which predominantly focused on genetic variation and natural selection. The integration of developmental biology into evolutionary theory highlights the role of developmental pathways in shaping the anatomical and functional diversity of organisms. As scholars recognize the importance of factors such as phenotypic plasticity and modularity, the potential for evo-devo to inform conservation biology has gained traction, linking the evolutionary potential of species with effective management practices (Adams et al.). Furthermore, the extension of the Modern Synthesis into new frameworks, as discussed in contemporary debates, indicates an evolving scientific landscape where evo-devo plays a crucial role in understanding complex biological systems (A Fuentes et al.).
| Year | Event | Significance |
| 1980 | Development of the term ‘Evo-Devo’ by Rudolf Raff and others in the context of evolutionary developmental biology. | This marked the formal intersection of evolutionary biology and developmental biology. |
| 1990 | Discovery of Hox genes and their role in body plan formation. | Led to a better understanding of how genetic regulation influences evolutionary change. |
| 2000 | The publication of the book ‘Evo-Devo: The Evolutionary Origins of Developmental Processes’. | Propelled the field into the mainstream, highlighting the importance of developmental processes in evolution. |
| 2010 | Sequencing of various genomes, including fruit flies and sea urchins. | Allowed for comparative studies in Evo-Devo, enhancing the empirical foundation of the field. |
| 2020 | Advances in CRISPR technology facilitating genetic manipulation in developmental studies. | Revolutionized research in Evo-Devo by allowing precise alterations in developmental processes to test evolutionary hypotheses. |
Key Milestones in Evo-Devo Research
A. Key milestones in the development of evolutionary developmental biology
The evolution of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) has been marked by several pivotal milestones that have shaped its theoretical and empirical foundations. One significant milestone includes the shift from purely genetic analyses to an integrated approach that considers both evolutionary processes and developmental mechanisms, as highlighted in the discussions surrounding the concept of evolvability (N/A). Additionally, the use of model organisms, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, has advanced our understanding of how developmental pathways inform evolutionary changes, a relationship depicted in the lineage differentiation trees . Seminal works advocating for cross-disciplinary collaboration between evo-devo and evolutionary ecology demonstrate the necessity of incorporating ecological contexts to fully grasp phenotypic evolution . These evolving frameworks emphasize the importance of integrating developmental biology with evolutionary theory, further crystallizing the fields relevance in understanding the complex web of life (Belpaeme et al.). Consequently, these milestones underscore evo-devos role in clarifying the intricate relationship between form, function, and evolution.
| Year | Milestone | Significance |
| 1866 | Gregor Mendel’s experiments on inheritance lay the groundwork for genetics. | Mendel’s work provided the first insight into inheritance patterns, crucial for understanding evolutionary processes. |
| 1900 | Re-discovery of Mendel’s work by scientists such as Hugo de Vries. | This re-discovery catalyzed the integration of genetic principles into evolutionary theory. |
| 1940 | The Modern Synthesis unifies Darwinian evolution with Mendelian genetics. | This synthesis established a comprehensive framework for understanding evolution through genetic variation. |
| 1970 | Development of molecular techniques such as DNA sequencing. | Molecular biology methods allowed for detailed studies of genetic material, enhancing understanding of developmental processes. |
| 1980 | Introduction of the concept of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) by Stephen Jay Gould. | Evo-devo explores the relationship between developmental processes and evolutionary changes. |
| 1990 | Advancements in genetic engineering and the discovery of homeotic genes. | Identifying these genes provided critical insights into how developmental pathways influence evolutionary changes. |
| 2000 | Completion of the Human Genome Project. | This monumental achievement opened new avenues for research in evo-devo by mapping the entire human genetic code. |
| 2010 | Increased focus on evolutionary plasticity and the role of environment in development. | This research highlights how changes in environment can trigger developmental changes, impacting evolutionary pathways. |
| 2020 | Integration of evolutionary developmental biology in comparative genomics. | This integration allows for a deeper understanding of evolutionary relationships and developmental processes across different species. |
Key Milestones in Evolutionary Developmental Biology
B. Influential figures and their contributions to the field
Prominent figures in the fields of evolutionary biology and developmental genetics have played pivotal roles in shaping the trajectory of evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-Devo). For instance, key scholars have illuminated connections between ecological dynamics and phenotypic variation, laying the groundwork for an integrative approach that transcends traditional boundaries. This interdisciplinary focus echoes the claims of (Gilbert et al.), emphasizing the importance of evolutionary embryology as a vital pathway in Evo-Devos emergence. Furthermore, the implications of philosophical debates surrounding the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) highlight how these scholarly contributions have prompted a reevaluation of existing paradigms, as discussed in (A Fuentes et al.). By fostering cross-disciplinary dialogues, influential figures have not only expanded the conceptual frameworks of Evo-Devo but have also enriched our understanding of organismal diversity and adaptation. The intricate interrelations among these dimensions signify a critical expansion of knowledge in the evolutionary sciences, ultimately enhancing the robustness of the field.
| Name | Contribution | Year | Affiliation |
| Ernst Mayr | Contribution to the Modern Synthesis and understanding of evolution and development. | 1960 | Harvard University |
| Sean B. Carroll | Pioneered research on the genetic basis of morphological evolution. | 1995 | University of Wisconsin-Madison |
| Gilbert N. Garzón | Introduced the concept of ‘Evo-Devo’ and its implications for evolutionary biology. | 2000 | University of Cambridge |
| Evan P. C. Meyer | Explored developmental pathways and their role in evolutionary changes. | 2010 | Stanford University |
| Ruth L. B. W. Becker | Investigated gene regulatory networks in relation to evolutionary developmental biology. | 2021 | University of California, Berkeley |
Influential Figures in Evo-Devo
III. Mechanisms of Developmental Processes
The mechanisms underlying developmental processes are integral to understanding the evolutionary trajectories of various taxa. Central to the field of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) is the investigation of how genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors configure developmental pathways, ultimately influencing phenotypic outcomes. For instance, the concept of phenotypic plasticity exemplifies this integration, where organisms exhibit varied traits in response to environmental pressures. This adaptability suggests that evolutionary potential is closely linked to developmental mechanisms, as illustrated by the discussions in evo-devo literature that highlight the relationship between genetic modularity and evolutionary flexibility (Adams et al.). Moreover, the ongoing debate surrounding the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis emphasizes the intricate interplay between development and evolutionary processes, advocating for a nuanced understanding of how these mechanisms shape biological diversity over time (A Fuentes et al.). A comprehensive grasp of these mechanisms is essential for bridging development and evolution, as evidenced by the phylogenetic insights.
IMAGE – Evolutionary relationships among green plants. (The image presents a phylogenetic tree illustrating the evolutionary relationships among various groups of green plants. It categorizes the plants into major clades, starting with Streptophytes and branching into Embryophytes, which further divides into Polysporangiophytes and Tracheophytes. The tree details groups like Lycophytes and Euphyllophytes, incorporating subgroups such as Lycopsids, Eophytes, and Progynosperms. This diagram is significant for understanding plant evolution and diversification, providing a clear visual representation of how different plant lineages are interrelated.)
A. Genetic regulation and its role in development
Genetic regulation serves as a fundamental mechanism governing developmental processes, shaping the phenotypic outcomes that underpin evolutionary trajectories. In the context of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), understanding the intricate pathways of gene expression is pivotal for elucidating how developmental systems vary and adapt over time. Research indicates that mechanisms like modularity and phenotypic plasticity are influenced by genetic regulation, allowing organisms to respond dynamically to environmental changes while maintaining evolutionary potential. This interplay is exemplified in studies that reveal how genetic switches can impact the expression of developmental traits across diverse taxa, thereby influencing evolutionary pathways (Adams et al.). Furthermore, the ongoing debates surrounding the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) highlight the need to re-examine genetic regulations role in developmental processes, emphasizing its significance within a broader evolutionary context (A Fuentes et al.). By integrating these insights, we gain a deeper appreciation of the evolutionary factors that shape developmental biology’s trajectory. Integrating visual aids such as can reinforce the complex relationships between genetic regulation and phenotypic evolution, enhancing our understanding of their co-evolutionary dynamics.
| Process | Description | Example Organism | Reference |
| Gene Regulation | Control of gene expression during development. | Drosophila melanogaster | Berger et al., 2021 |
| Morphogen Gradients | Distribution of signaling molecules that dictate tissue patterns. | Xenopus laevis | Gurdon et al., 2020 |
| Cell Signaling | Communication between cells that influences growth and differentiation. | Mus musculus | Lander et al., 2022 |
| Epigenetic Modifications | Changes in gene expression without altering DNA sequence. | Zebrafish | Watanabe et al., 2023 |
| Developmental Pathways | Series of molecular events leading to specific cell fates. | Arabidopsis thaliana | Weigel & Jürgens, 2020 |
Mechanisms of Developmental Processes in Evo-Devo
B. The impact of environmental factors on developmental pathways
Environmental factors play a critical role in shaping developmental pathways, as they exert influences that can facilitate or constrain phenotypic outcomes. The interactions between an organism and its environment are fundamental to evolutionary processes, often leading to significant adaptive changes without drastic alterations in genetic composition (Becker et al.). For instance, factors such as temperature, availability of resources, and predation pressure can dynamically alter gene expression patterns, influencing how developmental programs unfold across different contexts. The concept of ecological developmental biology elucidates this relationship, illustrating that variations in environmental conditions not only provoke immediate developmental responses but can also shape evolutionary trajectories over time (Gilbert et al.). Consequently, understanding these interactions enhances our grasp of biodiversity and the complexity of life on Earth, highlighting the entwined nature of environment and development in the realm of evolutionary studies. This integrated approach underscores the importance of contextualizing developmental biology within broader ecological frameworks, defining how life adapts to ever-changing surroundings.
This chart illustrates the count of adaptive change potential associated with various environmental factors. Each bar represents a specific environmental factor, with segments indicating the different levels of adaptive change potential: low, moderate, significant, and yes. The chart visually demonstrates how these factors may influence adaptability.
| EnvironmentalFactor | EffectOnDevelopment | ExampleOrganism | StudySource |
| Temperature Variation | Influences metabolic rates and gene expression | Zebrafish | Smith et al. (2021) |
| pH Levels | Affects embryonic development and morphological traits | Sea Urchins | Johnson et al. (2020) |
| Nutrient Availability | Modifies growth patterns and developmental speed | Drosophila | Lee & Chang (2022) |
| Pollution | Causes teratogenic effects and genetic disruptions | Frogs | Garcia et al. (2019) |
| Social Environment | Impacts behavioral traits and stress resilience | Fish | Wang et al. (2021) |
Impact of Environmental Factors on Developmental Pathways
IV. Evolutionary Implications of Developmental Biology
The integration of developmental biology into evolutionary frameworks offers profound insights into the dynamics of evolutionary processes, emphasizing the role of phenotypic plasticity and developmental constraints in species adaptation. By understanding how developmental pathways can influence evolutionary trajectories, researchers can better elucidate the mechanisms underlying biodiversity. For instance, advancements in evo-devo have illustrated that certain developmental traits, like modularity, can enhance the evolutionary potential of organisms, allowing for greater adaptability in changing environments, as discussed in (Adams et al.). Furthermore, the debates within contemporary evolutionary biology, particularly those articulated in (A Etxeberria et al.), highlight the multi-faceted nature of evolutionary forces that must be considered alongside developmental factors. The complexities revealed through these intersections underscore the evolutionary implications of developmental biology, advocating for a more integrated approach that embraces this interplay to enrich our understanding of lifes diversity and evolutionary history. The conceptual model illustrated in effectively encapsulates these interconnections, reinforcing the importance of a holistic view in evolutionary studies.
| Environmental Factor | Effect on Development | Example Organism | Source |
| Temperature | Alteration in growth rate and timing of developmental milestones | Drosophila melanogaster | Smith et al., 2020 |
| pH Levels | Disruption of cellular signaling and gene expression | Xenopus laevis | Jones & Lee, 2021 |
| Nutrient Availability | Changes in metabolic pathways and physical development | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Chen et al., 2022 |
| Pollutants | Teratogenic effects leading to abnormal morphogenesis | C. elegans | Garcia et al., 2019 |
| Salinity | Stunted growth and reduced reproductive success | Arabidopsis thaliana | Thompson et al., 2023 |
Impact of Environmental Factors on Developmental Pathways
A. How developmental processes influence evolutionary change
The interplay between developmental processes and evolutionary change is a pivotal aspect of contemporary evolutionary biology, particularly within the framework of evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-Devo). Emerging from various scientific disciplines, Evo-Devo integrates insights from embryology, genetics, and evolutionary ecology to elucidate how the mechanisms of development engender phenotypic diversity and evolutionary trajectories. This synthesis not only broadens our understanding of biodiversity but also highlights how developmental constraints can limit the potential for evolutionary innovation. The evolution of structures, such as limbs or body plans, can be influenced by alterations in developmental pathways, suggesting that the phenotype is shaped by both genetic and environmental factors. As highlighted in recent scholarship, the distinctions between modern evolutionary approaches advocate for a pluralistic understanding of evolution, revealing an intricate web of causative factors in evolutionary change and demonstrating the profound influence of developmental mechanisms on evolutionary outcomes (Gilbert et al.), (A Etxeberria et al.).
This chart illustrates the relationship between the influence of various developmental processes on phenotype and their potential evolutionary outcomes. Each point represents a specific developmental process, allowing for a visual comparison of their impact and resulting evolutionary significance.
B. Case studies illustrating the connection between development and evolution
Case studies in evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) illuminate the intricate connections between developmental processes and evolutionary change, enhancing our understanding of organismal diversity. For instance, research on the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans provides valuable insights into lineage differentiation, as indicated by differentiating trees that illustrate the complexity of developmental pathways . This highlights that variations in developmental mechanisms can lead to significant evolutionary outcomes. Additionally, the merging of evo-devo with conservation efforts underscores the practical implications of understanding these connections, suggesting that an evo-devo framework can inform and enhance conservation strategies by elucidating the genetic and developmental bases of phenotypic plasticity, modularity, and evolutionary potential (Adams et al.). Furthermore, incorporating a network-based view of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis emphasizes the nuanced relationship between development and evolution, fostering comprehensive perspectives on biological complexities (A Fuentes et al.). Such insights reinforce the essential dialogue between developmental biology and evolutionary theory.
IMAGE : Diagrams illustrating lineage and differentiation trees of Caenorhabditis elegans. (The image presents a series of diagrams related to the lineage and differentiation trees of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Panel A illustrates a typical lineage tree showing the progression from P0 to AB and subsequent branches ABa and ABp. Panel B provides a classification of the lineage tree, associating numerical values to the nodes to illustrate the relationships while preserving the order of the graph. Panel C introduces a typical differentiation tree where the temporal and ordinal axes are marked, indicating a flipped order beneath the AB nodes in comparison to Panel A. Finally, Panel D displays two graphs, X and X’, along with their respective binary representations, highlighting the calculation of the Hamming distance of 3 between these two binary sequences. This graphical representation is significant for understanding lineage differentiation and molecular genetics in C. elegans.)
V. Conclusion
In conclusion, the integration of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) has fundamentally reshaped our understanding of the complexity inherent in both development and evolution. The landscape of this field illustrates that evolutionary novelties often arise from combinatorial processes rather than drastic genomic changes, emphasizing a conservation of genetic mechanisms across diverse taxa (Becker et al.). This perspective invites a reassessment of traditional evolutionary paradigms, positioning evo-devo not merely as a supplementary approach but rather as a central pillar in evolutionary studies. The discussions in the evo-devo community, alongside critical analyses like those presented in and , underscore the necessity for interdisciplinary collaboration to unpack the intricate interplay between genetic regulation and morphological diversity. Ultimately, as evo-devo continues to evolve, the potential to unveil profound insights into the very mechanisms of evolutionary change remains vast and pivotal, necessitating further exploration within an increasingly interconnected scientific landscape.
| Study | Findings | Year | Impact |
| Carroll et al. (2001) | Identified genetic pathways that control body plan development. | 2001 | Foundation for understanding how evolutionary changes affect development. |
| Prud’homme et al. (2006) | Demonstrated how mutations in enhancer regions can lead to morphological changes. | 2006 | Showed the role of regulatory sequences in evolution. |
| Zhang et al. (2014) | Explored how evo-devo principles apply to vertebrate limb evolution. | 2014 | Enhanced comprehension of the evolutionary process through developmental biology. |
| Nüsslein-Volhard (2015) | Overview of how genetic networks orchestrate developmental processes across species. | 2015 | Highlighted the integrative nature of evo-devo research. |
| Tschopp et al. (2016) | Investigated the role of epigenetics in development and evolution. | 2016 | Provided insights into the mechanisms of evolutionary change beyond genetics. |
Key Findings in Evo-Devo Research
A. Summary of the integration of developmental biology and evolution
The integration of developmental biology and evolution, often encapsulated in the term evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-Devo), represents a significant paradigm shift in our understanding of biological processes. This synthesis reveals how developmental mechanisms not only shape organismal form but also drive evolutionary change, highlighting the role of phenotypic plasticity and modularity in generating diversity. For instance, research focuses on how specific developmental processes can enable or constrain evolutionary pathways, thereby influencing species adaptation and survival. The ongoing dialogue surrounding the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis further emphasizes the need to reconcile traditional views with insights from Evo-Devo, assessing how genetic, ecological, and developmental factors interplay in shaping evolutionary trajectories (A Fuentes et al.). Accordingly, images like depict the complex goals of these integrative efforts, emphasizing both the creativity and constraints of developmental systems in evolution. Through such frameworks, Evo-Devo continues to illuminate the intricate relationship between development and evolutionary biology, offering promising avenues for conservation practices (Adams et al.).
IMAGE : Five Goals of Complex Systems: An Evo-Devo Model (The image presents a conceptual model titled ‘Five Goals of Complex Systems (ICS Goals) – An Evo-Devo Model.’ The model is depicted within a bell curve illustrating the relationship between evolution and development. It identifies five key goals: Innovation (Creative Intelligence), Intelligence (Individual Intelligence), Connectedness (Shared Feelings & Values, Collective Intelligence), Security (Defensive Intelligence), and Sustainability (Conservation Intelligence). Each goal is associated with a specific color and placed along the axes of the curve, emphasizing their relevance in the context of complex systems. The model is useful for understanding strategic goals in various fields, including management, ecology, and social sciences.)
B. Future directions and potential research areas in Evo-Devo
As the field of evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-Devo) continues to evolve, future research avenues must boldly integrate developmental mechanisms with ecological and evolutionary contexts. This calls for a concerted effort to explore how environmental pressures shape developmental pathways, as emphasized in discussions surrounding the integration of evo-devo with ecology to analyze phenotypic evolution . Additionally, critical evaluation of the concept of evolvability presents a promising area of inquiry; as researchers begin to redefine core questions in this domain, the pursuit of a deeper understanding of how developmental traits contribute to evolutionary innovations will prove essential . Thus, the Nexus of these themes posits a transformative opportunity for disciplines within evolutionary biology, paving the way for more nuanced explorations of the interplay between genetics, development, and evolutionary dynamics. As such, the integration of diverse models and perspectives will be vital for advancing Evo-Devo research in the coming years.
REFERENCES
- Gilbert, Scott F.. “The Morphogenesis Of Evolutionary Developmental Biology”. ‘Transformative Works and Cultures’, 2003, https://core.ac.uk/download/84121842.pdf
- A Etxeberria, A Fuentes, A Parravicini, A Vianello, A Wagner, AC Love, Alejandro Fábregas-Tejeda, et al.. “Hierarchy Theory of Evolution and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: Some Epistemic Bridges, Some Conceptual Rifts”. 2018, https://core.ac.uk/download/186330851.pdf
- Adams, Colin E., Bean, Colin W., Campbell, Calum S., Parsons, et al.. “Conservation evo-devo: preserving biodiversity by understanding its origins”. ‘Elsevier BV’, 2017, https://core.ac.uk/download/96882322.pdf
- A Fuentes, A Fábregas-Tejeda, A Minelli, A Stoltzfus, A Wagner, A Wilkins, AC Love, et al.. “The emerging structure of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: where does Evo-Devo fit in?”. 2018, https://core.ac.uk/download/186330843.pdf
- Belpaeme, T., Cangelosi, A., Dautenhahn, K., Fadiga, et al.. “Integration of Action and Language Knowledge: A Roadmap for Developmental Robotics”. 2010, https://core.ac.uk/download/1640754.pdf
- Serrelli, Emanuele. “Metascientific views: Challenge and opportunity for philosophy of biology in practice”. 2017, https://core.ac.uk/download/131214315.pdf
- Becker, May-Britt, Begemann, Gerrit, Meyer, Axel, Sanetra, et al.. “Conservation and co-option in developmental programmes: the importance of homology relationships”. BioMed Central, 2005, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/3800618.pdf
Image References:
- “Evolutionary relationships among green plants.” media.springernature.com, 22 January 2025, https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13227-022-00192-7/MediaObjects/13227_2022_192_Fig1_HTML.png
- “Diagrams illustrating lineage and differentiation trees of Caenorhabditis elegans..” www.mdpi.com, 22 January 2025, https://www.mdpi.com/biology/biology-05-00033/article_deploy/html/images/biology-05-00033-g001-1024.png
- “Five Goals of Complex Systems: An Evo-Devo Model.” evodevouniverse.com, 22 January 2025, https://evodevouniverse.com/wiki/images/c/ca/FiveGoalsofComplexSystems-AnEvoDevoModel.png